Getting started with analogue photography
Photography is the art of capturing light. While digital photography has become the standard in recent decades, analogue photography remains a beloved medium for many.
This guide covers the basics of analogue photography, including what film is and why many photographers still use it today. You’ll also learn about different types of film cameras, how they work, and what to check before using an analogue camera for the first time.
What is film?
Photographic film is a material that captures an image when exposed to light. It has a plastic base coated with layers of emulsion containing silver halide crystals. When exposed to light through a camera lens, these crystals undergo a chemical reaction that creates a latent image, which is later developed in a darkroom or lab.
Film formats
Film comes in several formats, each using a different sized piece of film to capture an image. The choice of format affects both the level of detail and the overall cost of each image.
The most common formats still in production today include:
- 35mm – The most popular film format, used in everything from compact point-and-shoots to professional SLRs. Each roll typically provides 24 or 36 exposures and is easy to find and develop.
- 120 (Medium Format) – A larger film format used in medium format cameras. It offers higher image quality when compared to 35mm and allows for various aspect ratios, such as 6x6, 6x7, or 6x9. The number of exposures depends on the camera and frame size.
- Large Format (4x5, 8x10, etc.) – Used by photographers who want the ultimate in image quality. Large format film is sheet-based, requiring one piece of film per exposure. Cameras for this format are often used on tripods and offer complete control over focus and perspective.
- Instant Film – Available in various formats such as Polaroid and Instax, instant film develops shortly after exposure, making it perfect for fun, spontaneous photography.
Some film formats, such as APS, 126, and Disc Film, are no longer in production, but expired rolls can sometimes be found from specialty retailers.
Film types
There are three main types of photographic film, each with unique characteristics:
- Black & white – A versatile option with a classic aesthetic. Easier to develop at home than colour film.
- Colour negative (C41) – The most common colour film. Affordable, widely available, and forgiving with exposure. After development, you get negatives that are scanned or printed for final images.
- Slide film (E6) – Also known as positive film, it produces a direct image on the film itself—no negatives required. Offers vibrant colours but requires precise exposure and more specialised development.
Why shoot film?
Digital photography offers instant feedback, unlimited storage, and ease of use. Despite this, film remains popular for its unique qualities and creative possibilities.
A unique look
Film has a distinct aesthetic that digital often struggles to replicate. Films grain, dynamic range, and chemical processing combine to create images with organic character.
A slower, more thoughtful process
With only 24 or 36 shots per roll, film encourages you to slow down. Each frame requires consideration, leading to more intentional photography.
A physical medium
Film creates tangible negatives and prints. Negatives can be archived, scanned, or printed decades later—no worrying about hard drive failures or file corruption.
Creative techniques
Film opens up possibilities difficult to achieve digitally:
- Double exposure: Expose the same frame twice to blend images
- Film souping: Chemically alter film before or during development for unpredictable effects
- Cross-processing: Develop slide film in colour chemicals (or vice versa) for surreal colours
How to shoot film
To shoot film, you need a working camera. Film cameras come in various types, each offering different features and levels of control.
Common types of film cameras
| Camera type | Best for | Example models |
|---|---|---|
| Point-and-shoot | Casual users, ease of use | Canon Sure Shot, Olympus mju |
| SLR | Manual control, interchangeable lenses | Nikon FM, Canon AE-1 |
| Rangefinder | Compact size, precise focusing | Leica M series, Canonet |
| Medium format | High image quality, professional use | Hasselblad 500, Mamiya RB67 |
| Instant cameras | Quick results, fun photography | Polaroid SX-70, Instax Mini |
| Box cameras | Simplicity, vintage appeal | Kodak Brownie, Agfa Box |
Checking if a vintage camera is functional
Before loading film into a vintage camera, check for the following:
- Shutter operation – Fire the shutter and ensure it opens and closes properly.
- Film advance mechanism – Open the back and test if the take-up spool moves when the shutter is fired.
- Lens condition – Look for fog, fungus, or scratches that may affect image quality.
- Battery compartment – If the camera has electronics, check for corrosion and ensure it powers on.
Many cameras, especially mechanical ones, can function without batteries, but some require power for light meters or shutters to function correctly.